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Figure 5. Effect of rice NPN supplementation on circulating concentrations of TNF- α in serum of elderly subjects. Delta area under the curve ( a ) and change from baseline values ( b ) for circulating TNF- α (pg/mL) during in participants consuming placebo (grey circle) or rice NPN (blue circle) for 12 weeks. Values are mean ± SEM (* p < 0.05). 3.4. Supplementation with Rice NPN Increased Glucose Uptake When Challenged with a Glucose Tolerance Test Figure 5. E ff ect of rice NPN supplementation on circulating concentrations of TNF- α in serumof elderly subjects. Delta area under the curve ( a ) and change from baseline values ( b ) for circulating TNF- α (pg / mL) during in participants consuming placebo (grey circle) or rice NPN (blue circle) for 12 weeks. Values are mean ± SEM(* p < 0.05). Foods 2020 , 9 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 20
Oral glucose tolerance testwas performed as described in Methods, with AUC determined as the key readout. For both placebo and treatment cohorts, the various AUCs were summed. Due to a small number of values not recorded at 120 min, the summation at this time point is based on fewer subjects than earlier time points. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) analysis showed that the reduction during the whole test interval (0–120 min) with respect to the difference in AUC at baseline and week 12 was significant ( p < 0.001), indicating a positive effect of rice NPN on glucose uptake (Figure 6).
Figure 6. Effect of rice NPN supplementation on serum concentrations of glucose . ( a ) The total area under the curve (AUC) for serum glucose (mmol/l) at various intervals after the start of consumption of either placebo or rice NPN (treatment), starting with “0” at t = 0. Each point represents the mean value + 1 x +/ − standard deviation of at least 9 observations in placebo and at least 24 in rice NPN group. ( b ) Change in total area under the curve (per 120 min) with respect to the difference in outcome between visits 2 and 5. No outliers removed. Each symbol represents the mean + 1 x +/ − standard deviation of 9 persons (in placebo) or 24 persons (in rice NPN group). 3.5. Rice NPN Supplementation Altered LDL and HDL Serum Concentrations Cholesterol is transported through the blood on proteins called lipoproteins. Two types of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout the body: LDL (low-density lipoprotein), which makes up most of the body’s cholesterol—high levels of LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and stroke; and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) whose function it is to absorb cholesterol and carry it back to the liver [44]. The liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke. As shown in Figure 7, relative to placebo supplemented subjects, there was a decrease in LDL and a concomitant increase in HDL concentrations following rice NPN supplementation. The change in HDL values was found to be associated with compliance Figure6. E ff ect of rice NPN supplementation on serum concentrations of glucose. ( a ) The total area under the curve (AUC) for serum glucose (mmol / l) at various intervals after the start of consumption of either placebo or rice NPN (treatment), starting with “0” at t = 0. Each point represents the mean value + 1 x +/ − standard deviation of at least 9 observations in placebo and at least 24 in rice NPN group. ( b ) Change in total area under the curve (per 120 min) with respect to the di ff erence in outcome between visits 2 and 5. No outliers removed. Each symbol represents the mean + 1 x +/ − standard deviation of 9 persons (in placebo) or 24 persons (in rice NPN group).
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