Foods 2020 , 9 , 1147
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3.5. Rice NPN Supplementation Altered LDL and HDL Serum Concentrations Cholesterol is transported through the blood on proteins called lipoproteins. Two types of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout the body: LDL (low-density lipoprotein), which makes up most of the body’s cholesterol—high levels of LDL cholesterol raise your risk for heart disease and stroke; and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) whose function it is to absorb cholesterol and carry it back to the liver [44]. The liver then flushes it from the body. High levels of HDL cholesterol can lower your risk for heart disease and stroke. As shown in Figure 7, relative to placebo supplemented subjects, there was a decrease in LDL and a concomitant increase in HDL concentrations following rice NPN supplementation. The change in HDL values was found to be associated with compliance ( p < 0.001), the higher the level of compliance, the larger the decrease in LDL serum concentration, and interaction ( p < 0.007), the time dependent increase in serum concentration values of HDL is larger in rice NPN supplemented group than in placebo. Foods 2020 , 9 , x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 20
Figure 7. Effect of rice NPN Supplementation on LDL and HDL Serum Concentrations ( a ) Change in the serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL; mmol/l) in placebo and rice NPN (treatment). Outliers have not been removed. Each symbol represents the mean + 1 x +/ − s.d. of 10 persons in placebo and at least 27 in rice NPN group. ( b ) Change in the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL; mmol/l) in placebo and rice NPN. One outlier has been removed. Each symbol represents the mean + 1 x +/ − s.d. of 10 persons in placebo and at least 27 in rice NPN group. 4. Discussion Food and plant-derived bioactive peptides are increasingly recognized as important preventative immunomodulatory strategies [27,28]; however, to date, there has been limited clinical data to support their role in immune health [45,46] and associated physical health. AI and machine learning approaches offer an opportunity to decode the complexity of these natural sources and identify well characterized and efficacious functional foods [26,31,47–49]. To identify a preventative supplement, we used AI to predict an NPN from rice that could decrease TNF- α production. TNF- α was chosen due to its central role in a broad range of inflammatory conditions, and as its concentration increases with age, we planned to target an “inflammaging” population, i.e., an otherwise healthy aged population. Food and plant-derived bioactive peptides are increasingly recognized as important preventative immunomodulatory strategies [27,28]; however, to date, there has been limited clinical data to support their role in immune health [45,46] and associated physical health. AI and machine learning approaches o ff er an opportunity to decode the complexity of these natural sources and identify well characterized and e ffi cacious functional foods [26,31,47–49]. To identify a preventative supplement, we used AI to predict an NPN from rice that could decrease TNF- α production. TNF- α was chosen due to its central role in a broad range of inflammatory conditions, and as its concentration increases with age, we planned to target an “inflammaging” population, i.e., an otherwise healthy aged population. The rice NPN was manufactured and assayed in vitro using differentiated THP1 macrophages stimulated with LPS. We showed that rice NPN could inhibit TNF- α secretion in a dose-dependent manner, with no effect on cell viability, indicating the effect was not due to cell viability issues. We further characterized the NPN to identify the bioactive component peptides contained therein. Their presence was confirmed using MS and activity was confirmed using LPS stimulated THP1 cells. Figure 7. E ff ect of rice NPN Supplementation on LDL and HDL Serum Concentrations. ( in the serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL; mmol / l) in placebo and rice NPN (treatment). Outliers have not been removed. Each symbol represents the mean + 1 x +/ ) Change in the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL;mmol / l) in placebo and rice NPN. One outlier has been removed. Each symbol represents the mean + 1x +/ − s.d. of 10 persons in placebo and at least 27 in rice NPN group. 4. Discussion
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