Foods 2020 , 9 , x FOR PEER REVIEW
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Foods 2020 , 9 , 1147 each consecutive time point (Figure 5b). AUC change from baseline for IL-1 β , IL-6 and CRP showed no significant differences between treatment groups (see Figure S4a–c, respectively). 11of 19
Figure 4. Effect of rice NPN supplementation on lower body strength and overall performance in short physical battery compared to placebo treated controls . ( a ) Changes in repeated chair stand test time at various intervals after the start of consumption of either placebo or rice NPN (treatment) are expressed. Each symbol represents the mean + 1 x +/ − s.d. of 10 persons in placebo and at least 27 in rice NPN group. ( b ) Changes in SPPB total score at various intervals after the start of consumption of either placebo or rice NPN are expressed as area under the curve (AUC). Each symbol represents the mean + 1 x +/ − s.d. of 10 persons in placebo and at least 28 in rice NPN group. Values are mean ± SEM. Figure4. E ff ect of rice NPN supplementation on lower body strength and overall performance in short physical battery compared to placebo treated controls. ( a ) Changes in repeated chair stand test time at various intervals after the start of consumption of either placebo or rice NPN (treatment) are expressed. Each symbol represents the mean + 1x +/ − s.d. of 10 persons in placebo and at least 27 in rice NPN group. ( b ) Changes in SPPB total score at various intervals after the start of consumption of either placebo or rice NPN are expressed as area under the curve (AUC). Each symbol represents the mean + 1x +/ − s.d. of 10 persons in placebo and at least 28 in rice NPN group. Values are mean ± SEM. 3.4. Supplementation with Rice NPN Increased Glucose Uptake When Challenged with a Glucose Tolerance Test Oral glucose tolerance testwas performed as described in Methods, with AUC determined as the key readout. For both placebo and treatment cohorts, the various AUCs were summed. Due to a small number of values not recorded at 120 min, the summation at this time point is based on fewer subjects than earlier time points. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) analysis showed that the reduction during the whole test interval (0–120 min) with respect to the di ff erence in AUC at baseline and week 12 was significant ( p < 0.001), indicating a positive e ff ect of rice NPN on glucose uptake (Figure 6).
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