Pathogens 2021 , 10 , 235
7of 18
the PC ( p < 0.0001) and DC ( p < 0.0001). For POF, an increased abundance of Veillonel- laceae was observed upon treatment ( p < 0.0001 in PC and p = 0.0007 in DC), which was mainly attributed to an increase in Veillonellaceae OTU 22 (related to Veillonella parvula ) and Veillonellaceae OTU 11 (related to Veillonella ratti ). Furthermore, treatment with POF consistently decreased Bacteroidaceae ( p < 0.0001) and Lachnospiraceae ( p < 0.0001) levels in the luminal PC, resulting in significantly ( p < 0.0001) lower levels as compared to treatment with OFO. Treatment with OFO, on the other hand, resulted in increased Acidaminococcaceae levels in the PC, while in the DC, Bacteroidaceae levels decreased ( p = 0.0063) at the expense of Prevotellaceae ( p = 0.0019). Finally, the butyrate-producing Ruminococcaceae familywas stimulated significantly in the PC environment upon treatment with the different test products, while decreased abundance was observed in the DC ( p = 0.0009 for POF and p < 0.0001 for OFO).
Table2. Effects on microbial community composition at the family level in the proximal colon. Abundance (log counts/mL) of microbial families in the luminal environment of the proximal colon (PC) of the human gastrointestinal tract at the end of the control (C; n = 3/donor) and the treatment (TR; n = 3/donor) period upon treatment with OFO at a dose of 1.4 g/d and POF at a dose of 1.4 g/d for three human donors tested. For optimal observation of consistent effects over the different donors tested, the average of the three donors is presented ( n = 3). The intensity of the shading correlates with the absolute abundance, which was normalised for each of the different families. Statistically significant differences relative to the control period are indicated in bold ( p < 0.05). Statistically significant differences between the different test products (i.e., TR–POF versus TR–OFO) are indicated with different letters (a, b), with conditions not sharing a similar letter being significantly different from each other ( p <0.05).
Proximal Colon
POF
OFO
C
TR
C
TR
6.83
6.94
Bifidobacteriaceae Coriobacteriaceae Bacteroidaceae Muribaculaceae Prevotellaceae Rikenellaceae Acidaminococcaceae Enterococcaceae Erysipelotrichaceae Lachnospiraceae Lactobacillaceae Tannerellaceae Ruminococcaceae Veillonellaceae Fusobacteriaceae Burkholderiaceae Desulfovibrionaceae Enterobacteriaceae Pseudomonadaceae
8.03 5.76 6.01 7.65 4.20 4.67 5.36 5.34 4.11 5.86 7.78 4.09 7.93 5.62 4.41 5.99 4.14
8.12 5.10 7.85 4.37 7.12 5.41 6.58 7.25 7.53 4.72 7.76 6.32 4.80 7.20 4.89 6.65 4.93 7.50 4.59 4.20 4.70 3.94
Actinobacteria
<LOD
<LOD
7.53
7.55
<LOD
<LOD
<LOD
5.04 4.32 5.64 6.53 3.36 7.33 3.45 3.60 6.96 5.15 5.40 4.91 4.75
4.73 4.34 5.92 5.20 3.53 4.64 7.37 3.51 3.71 7.14 4.21 5.62 5.66 5.27 5.20 3.24 3.81 3.61
Bacteroidetes
<LOD
Firmicutes
<LOD
<LOD
Fusobacteria
Proteobacteria
<LOD
<LOD
uncultured
4.59
3.88
Synergistetes
Synergistaceae Akkermansiaceae
<LOD
<LOD
Verrucomicrobia
Powered by FlippingBook