Pathogens 2021 , 10 , 235
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Pathogens 2021 , 10 , x FOR PEER REVIEW
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In order to investigate more extensively the effects of treatment with OFO and POF at a dose of 1.4 g β -glucan per day on microbial community composition, microbiome profiling of the luminal PC and DC compartment was performed using 16S-targeted Illumina sequencing. At phylum level (Figure 2), it was noted that at the main site of fermentation, i.e., the lumen of the PC, both test products strongly increased Actinobacteria levels. Similar observations were made in the DC. Additionally, a consistent increase in Firmicutes levels was observed upon treatment with POF in the PC and DC, while supplementation of OFO resulted in enhanced Proteobacteria levels. In order to investigate more extensively the effects of treatment with OFO and POF at a dose of 1.4 g β -glucan per day on microbial community composition, microbiome profiling of the luminal PC and DC compartment was performed using 16S-targeted Illu- mina sequencing. At phylum level (Figure 2), it was noted that at the main site of fermen- tation, i.e., the lumen of the PC, both test products strongly increased Actinobacteria lev- els. Similar observations were made in the DC. Additionally, a consistent increase in Fir- micutes levels was observed upon treatment with POF in the PC and DC, while supple- mentation of OFO resulted in enhanced Proteobacteria levels.
Control
POF
OFO
0.8%
1.6%
7.3%
11.3%
30.6%
35.2%
26.8%
PC
44.8%
42.3%
58.9%
5.1%
Actinobacteria Bacteroidetes Firmicutes Fusobacteria Proteobacteria Synergistetes Verrucomicrobia
35.3%
8.0%
4.6%
21.5%
1.5%
8.8%
4.0%
1.5%
1.7%
2.0%
8.0%
0.4%
22.8%
7.4%
7.0%
7.6%
12.0%
4.6%
21.5%
32.8%
1.5%
8.8%
DC
23.0%
35.5%
22.8%
44.1%
53.8%
32.8%
Figure 2. Microbial community composition as assessed via 16S-targeted Illumina sequencing. Abundance (%) at micro- bial phylum level in the luminal environment of the proximal (PC) and distal colon (DC) of the human gastrointestinal tract at the end of the control (C; n = 6/donor) and the treatment (TR; n = 3/donor) period upon treatment with OFO at a dose of 1.4 g/d and POF at a dose of 1.4 g/d for three human donors tested. For optimal observation of consistent effects over the different donors tested, the average of the three donors is presented ( n = 3). Figure2. Microbial community composition as assessed via 16S-targeted Illumina sequencing. Abundance (%) at microbial phylum level in the luminal environment of the proximal (PC) and distal colon (DC) of the human gastrointestinal tract at the end of the control (C; n = 6/donor) and the treatment (TR; n = 3/donor) period upon treatment with OFO at a dose of 1.4 g/d and POF at a dose of 1.4 g/d for three human donors tested. For optimal observation of consistent effects over the different donors tested, the average of the three donors is presented ( n =3).
At the family level, the primary focus was on the treatment effects of POF and OFO, at a concentration of 1.4 g β -glucan/day, at the main site of fermentation, i.e., the lumen of the PC (Table 2). For the luminal DC (Table 3), similar observations were made and there- fore only specific and distinct changes versus the PC referred to here. First, treatment with POF and OFO strongly increased Bifidobacteriaceae levels ( p < 0.0001). At the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, this was mainly attributed to a significant increase in Bifidobacteriaceae OTU 1 (related to Bifidobacterium adolescentis ). To a lesser extent, Bifidobac- teriaceae OTU 41 (related to Bifidobacterium bifidum ) and Bifidobacteriaceae OTU 47 (related to Bifidobacterium longum ) were stimulated. A significant increase in the abundance of Lac- tobacillaceae was observed upon treatment with both test products, with the strongest ef- fects for POF supplementation. The increased abundance of Lactobacillaceae was mainly attributed to the increased abundance of Lactobacillaceae OTU 5 (related to Pediococcus aci- dilactici ). Furthermore, upon treatment with both test products, Enterococcaceae, Enterobac- teriaceae ( p < 0.0001), and Prevotellaceae were significantly enriched in the luminal PC, while Akkermansiaceae ( p = 0.0031 for POF and p = 0.0118 for OFO) and Enterobacteriaceae ( p < 0.0001) were enhanced in the luminal DC. For the latter bacterial family, treatment with At the family level, the primary focus was on the treatment effects of POF and OFO, at a concentration of 1.4 g β -glucan/day, at the main site of fermentation, i.e., the lumen of the PC (Table 2). For the luminal DC (Table 3), similar observations were made and therefore only specific and distinct changes versus the PC referred to here. First, treatment with POF and OFO strongly increased Bifidobacteriaceae levels ( p < 0.0001). At the oper- ational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, this was mainly attributed to a significant increase in Bifidobacteriaceae OTU 1 (related to Bifidobacterium adolescentis ). To a lesser extent, Bi- fidobacteriaceae OTU 41 (related to Bifidobacterium bifidum ) and Bifidobacteriaceae OTU47 (related to Bifidobacterium longum ) were stimulated. A significant increase in the abundance of Lactobacillaceae was observed upon treatment with both test products, with the strongest effects for POF supplementation. The increased abundance of Lactobacillaceae wasmainly attributed to the increased abundance of Lactobacillaceae OTU 5 (related to Pediococcus acidilactici ). Furthermore, upon treatment with both test products, Enterococcaceae, Enter- obacteriaceae ( p < 0.0001), and Prevotellaceae were significantly enriched in the luminal PC, while Akkermansiaceae ( p = 0.0031 for POF and p = 0.0118 for OFO) and Enterobacteriaceae ( p < 0.0001) were enhanced in the luminal DC. For the latter bacterial family, treatment with OFO resulted in a stronger enrichment as compared to POF supplementation in both
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