Pathogens 2021 , 10 , 235
16of 18
Acknowledgments: The work was financially supported by PepsiCo, Inc. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc. The authors would like to thank Fiona Crispie, Calum Walsh, Karina Quilter, and Alvaro Lopez Gallardo for their assistance in the in vivo study analysis. The authors would also like
to thank Kevin O’Regan for his assistance with the in vivo study management. Conflicts of Interest: A.K., L.F., P.J.D.C., and Y.C. are employees of PepsiCo, Inc.
References 1.
Gibson, G.R.; Hutkins, R.; Sanders, M.E.; Prescott, S.L.; Reimer, R.A.; Salminen, S.J.; Scott, K.; Stanton, C.; Swanson, K.S.; Cani, P.D.; et al. Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017 , 14 , 491–502. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Daou, C.; Zhang, H. Oat Beta-Glucan: Its Role in Health Promotion and Prevention of Diseases. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2012 , 11 , 355–365. [CrossRef] 3. Braaten, J.T.; Wood, P.J.; Scott, F.W.; Wolynetz, M.S.; Lowe, M.K.; Bradley-White, P.; Collins, M.W. Oat beta-glucan reduces blood cholesterol concentration in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 1994 , 48 , 465–474. [PubMed] 4. El Khoury, D.; Cuda, C.; Luhovyy, B.L.; Anderson, G.H. Beta Glucan: Health Benefits in Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. J.Nutr. Metab. 2012 , 2012 , 28. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 5. Zhang, D.; Doehlert, D.C.; Moore, W.R. Rheological Properties of (1 → 3),(1 → 4)- β -d-Glucans from Raw, Roasted, and Steamed Oat Groats. Cereal Chem. 1998 , 75 , 433–438. [CrossRef] 6. Grundy, M.M.L.; Quint, J.; Rieder, A.; Ballance, S.; Dreiss, C.A.; Butterworth, P.J.; Ellis, P.R. Impact of hydrothermal and mechanical processing on dissolution kinetics and rheology of oat β -glucan. Carbohydr. Polym. 2017 , 166 , 387–397. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 7. Van den Abbeele, P.; Kamil, A.; Fleige, L.; Chung, Y.; De Chavez, P.; Marzorati, M. Different Oat Ingredients Stimulate Specific Microbial Metabolites in the Gut Microbiome of Three Human Individuals in Vitro. ACSOmega 2018 , 3 , 12446–12456. [CrossRef] 8. Johansson, M.L.; Nobaek, S.; Berggren, A.; Nyman, M.; Bjorck, I.; Ahrne, S.; Jeppsson, B.; Molin, G. Survival of Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 9843 (299v), and effect on the short-chain fatty acid content of faeces after ingestion of a rose-hip drink with fermented oats. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1998 , 42 , 29–38. [CrossRef] 9. Mårtensson, O.; Biörklund, M.; Lambo, A.M.; Dueñas-Chasco, M.; Irastorza, A.; Holst, O.; Norin, E.; Welling, G.; Öste, R.; Önning, G. Fermented, ropy, oat-based products reduce cholesterol levels and stimulate the bifidobacteria flora in humans. Nutr. Res. 2005 , 25 , 429–442. [CrossRef] 10. Coman, M.M.; Verdenelli, M.C.; Cecchini, C.; Silvi, S.; Vasile, A.; Bahrim, G.E.; Orpianesi, C.; Cresci, A. Effect of buckwheat flour and oat bran on growth and cell viability of the probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus IMC 501(R), Lactobacillus paracasei IMC 502(R) and their combination SYNBIO(R), in synbiotic fermented milk. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2013 , 167 , 261–268. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 11. Connolly, M.L.; Tzounis, X.; Tuohy, K.M.; Lovegrove, J.A. Hypocholesterolemic and Prebiotic Effects of a Whole-Grain Oat-Based Granola Breakfast Cereal in a Cardio-Metabolic “At Risk” Population. Front. Microbiol. 2016 , 7 . [CrossRef] 12. Tiwari, U.; Cummins, E. Meta-analysis of the effect of beta-glucan intake on blood cholesterol and glucose levels. Nutrition 2011 , 27 , 1008–1016. [CrossRef] 13. Whitehead, A.; Beck, E.J.; Tosh, S.; Wolever, T.M. Cholesterol-lowering effects of oat beta-glucan: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014 , 100 , 1413–1421. [CrossRef] 14. Ho, H.V.; Sievenpiper, J.L.; Zurbau, A.; Blanco Mejia, S.; Jovanovski, E.; Au-Yeung, F.; Jenkins, A.L.; Vuksan, V. The effect of oat beta-glucan on LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL-cholesterol and apoB for CVD risk reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials. Br. J. Nutr. 2016 , 116 , 1369–1382. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 15. Wolever, T.M.; Tosh, S.M.; Gibbs, A.L.; Brand-Miller, J.; Duncan, A.M.; Hart, V.; Lamarche, B.; Thomson, B.A.; Duss, R.; Wood, P.J. Physicochemical properties of oat beta-glucan influence its ability to reduce serum LDL cholesterol in humans: A randomized clinical trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010 , 92 , 723–732. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 16. Jonsson, A.L.; Backhed, F. Role of gut microbiota in atherosclerosis. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2017 , 14 , 79–87. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 17. Jones, M.L.; Tomaro-Duchesneau, C.; Martoni, C.J.; Prakash, S. Cholesterol lowering with bile salt hydrolase-active probiotic bacteria, mechanism of action, clinical evidence, and future direction for heart health applications. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 2013 , 13 , 631–642. [CrossRef] 18. Joyce, S.A.; Kamil, A.; Fleige, L.; Gahan, C.G.M. The Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of Oats and Oat Beta Glucan: Modes of Action and Potential Role of Bile Acids and the Microbiome. Front. Nutr. 2019 , 6 . [CrossRef] 19. Berggren, A.M.; Nyman, E.M.; Lundquist, I.; Bjorck, I.M. Influence of orally and rectally administered propionate on cholesterol and glucose metabolism in obese rats. Br. J. Nutr. 1996 , 76 , 287–294. [CrossRef] 20. Lin, Y.; Vonk, R.J.; Slooff, M.J.; Kuipers, F.; Smit, M.J. Differences in propionate-induced inhibition of cholesterol and triacylglycerol synthesis between human and rat hepatocytes in primary culture. Br. J. Nutr. 1995 , 74 , 197–207. [CrossRef] 21. Connolly, M.L.; Lovegrove, J.A.; Tuohy, K.M. In Vitro evaluation of the microbiota modulation abilities of different sized whole oat grain flakes. Anaerobe 2010 , 16 , 483–488. [CrossRef]
Powered by FlippingBook