Pathogens 2021 , 10 , 235
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Pathogens 2021 , 10 , x FOR PEER REVIEW
10 of 19
A
10 7
*
*
10 6
10 5
10 4
C TR C TR C TR
Group 1
Group 2 Group 1+2
10 7
Week_00 Week_06 Week_10
B
*
*
10 9
10 6
10 8
10 5
10 7
10 6
10 4
C TR C TR C TR
10 5
Group 1
Group 2 Group 1+2
10 4
C TR C TR C TR
Group 1
Group 2 Group 1+2
Figure 3. Effects on microbial community composition in vivo. Effect of intervention with OFO (TR) on faecal (A) Lactoba- cillus and (B) Bifidobacterium levels as compared to an intervention with the control test product (C) during a randomised, single-blind, cross-over study in healthy individuals with elevated cholesterol levels for the per protocol (PP) population, with samples taken at baseline (week_00), at the end of the intervention period (week_06) and at the end of the washout period (week_10). Results are presented for Group 1 (received OFO during the first intervention period), Group 2 (received OFO during the second intervention period), and the overall (Group 1 + 2) population. Results are presented as mean (16S rRNA gene copies/ng DNA). * indicates statistically significant differences between control and treatment within a specific experimental week for Group 1, Group 2, and Group 1 + 2 ( p < 0.05). Figure3. Effects on microbial community composition in vivo. Effect of intervention with OFO (TR) on faecal ( A ) Lactobacillus and ( B ) Bifidobacterium levels as compared to an intervention with the control test product (C) during a randomised, single-blind, cross-over study in healthy individuals with elevated cholesterol levels for the per protocol (PP) population, with samples taken at baseline (week_00), at the end of the intervention period (week_06) and at the end of the washout period (week_10). Results are presented for Group 1 (received OFO during the first intervention period), Group 2 (received OFO during the second intervention period), and the overall (Group 1 + 2) population. Results are presented as mean (16S rRNA gene copies/ng DNA). * indicates statistically significant differences between control and treatment within a specific experimental week for Group 1, Group 2, and Group 1 + 2 ( p <0.05). 3. Discussion 3. Discussion In the present study, the potential prebiotic effects of prolonged administration of the commercially available oat product OFO were assessed in the human gastrointestinal tract of different healthy individuals with mild hypercholesterolemia. For this purpose, the val- idated in vitro M-SHIME ® model [25] was utilised, allowing analysis of an intestinal mi- crobial community that is fully stable prior to treatment [26]. It followed that the prebiotic activity of OFO was characterised by strong stimulation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in the intestinal lumen and the simulated mucus layer of the PC and DC. Lactoba- cilli [27] and bifidobacteria [28] are saccharolytic gut microbes and are both capable of producing high levels of lactic acid, thereby exerting antimicrobial properties [29] and stimulating trophic interactions with other bacteria resulting in the production of second- ary metabolites such as butyric acid [30]. Due to their saccharolytic metabolism, Lactoba- cillus and Bifidobacterium species mainly thrive in the proximal regions of the colon [31]. In the present study, the potential prebiotic effects of prolonged administration of the commercially available oat product OFO were assessed in the human gastrointestinal tract of different healthy individuals with mild hypercholesterolemia. For this purpose, the validated in vitro M-SHIME ® model [25] was utilised, allowing analysis of an intestinal mi- crobial community that is fully stable prior to treatment [26]. It followed that the prebiotic activity of OFO was characterised by strong stimulation of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species in the intestinal lumen and the simulated mucus layer of the PC and DC. Lacto- bacilli [27] and bifidobacteria [28] are saccharolytic gut microbes and are both capable of producing high levels of lactic acid, thereby exerting antimicrobial properties [29] and
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