Nutrients 2023 , 15 , 2688
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Table1. Baseline characteristics of the HE and placebo group.
Parameter
Unit years years
HE ( n =50)
Placebo ( n =47)
Age
60.8 (6.3) 11.1 (7.3)
63.6 (6.1) 14.1 (6.6)
Time since last menstruation
Anthropometrics Weight
kg
64.4 (9.0) 24.5 (3.2) 81.4 (7.8) 100.1 (6.9)
67.9 (7.5) 25.3 (3.0) 84.0 (7.9) 101.9 (6.8)
kg/m 2
BMI
Waist circumference Hip circumference Waist-to-hip ratio Lifestyle Energy intake Calcium intake Vitamin D intake
cm cm
a.u.
0.8 (0.1)
0.8 (0.1)
Kcal/day mg/day
2044.6 (539.5) 1201.8 (364.1) 4.87 (3.31) 165.0 (62.2) 1.02 (0.07) 0.85 (0.09) 1.06 (0.07) − 1.50 (0.59) − 1.09 (0.73) − 1.64 (0.41) 38.0 (3.7) 23.5 (6.9) 1.9 (0.8) 37.4 (6.6) 8.14 (5.18) 1.68 (3.07)
1960.5 (570.8) 1140.4 (432.0) 4.71 (2.76) 185.9 (67.6) 1.04 (0.10) 0.84 (0.07) 1.07 (0.08) − 1.30 (0.86) − 1.19 (0.59) − 1.64 (0.41) 39.7 (3.5) 26.0 (8.9) 2.2 (0.8) 38.4 (6.5) 9.81 (4.98) 1.79 (1.40)
µ g/day
Physical activity, PASE total score
a.u.
DXA parameters BMD at L2-L4
g/cm 2 g/cm 2 g/cm 2
BMDat FN
BMD total body T-score at L2-L4
a.u. a.u. a.u.
T-score at FN
Lowest T-score at inclusion
Leanmass Fatmass 1 Visceral fat
kg kg kg
%Fat
% % %
FRAX—Major osteoporotic
FRAX—Hip fracture Blood parameters 25-OHD3
nmol/L mmol/L pmol/L mmol/L mIU/L mmol/L mmol/L mmol/L mmol/L mmol/L
83.4 (31.2) 2.43 (0.10) 20.7 (7.5) 4.70 (0.48) 5.1 (2.3) 35.4 (3.4) 5.7 (1.0) 1.9 (0.4) 0.92 (0.46) 1.08 (0.58) 3.4 (1.2)
74.7 (22.8) 2.39 (0.09) 18.5 (0.0) 4.73 (0.45) 5.0 (2.4) 36.2 (2.7) 5.7 (1.0) 1.7 (0.3) 1.12 (0.65) 1.06 (0.57) 3.6 (1.0)
Calcium
17- β estradiol
Glucose Insulin HbA1c
Total cholesterol HDL cholesterol LDL cholesterol
Triglycerides
HOMAIR
a.u.
1 One aberrant data has been removed after statistical analysis for this parameter. Mean (SD).
Among the other DXA parameters, there was a significant increase in the total body BMD within the HE group at week 48 compared to baseline (0.0180 ± 0.0302 g/cm 2 , p < 0.0001), while there was no statistically significant increase in the placebo group (0.0079 ± 0.0026 g/cm 2 ). The difference between groups tended to be significant with a greater increase in the HE group compared to placebo (0.0106 ± 0.0059 g/cm 2 , p =0.07; 0.99 ± 0.56 relative %, p = 0.08; Figure 2A). Total body BMD increased by at least 1% after 48 weeks in 61% of participants in the HE group compared to 40% in the placebo group, resulting in a significantly higher chance of having a relative change from baseline of ≥ 1% in the HE group versus the placebo group (adjusted odds ratio ± SE=2.41 ± 1.07, p = 0.047; Figure 2B). Compared to baseline, a significant increase in BMD at femoral neck was observed in both groups after 48 weeks (0.0107 ± 0.0289 g/cm 2 in the HE group and 0.0191 ± 0.029g/cm 2 in the placebo group; p < 0.01) without significant difference between groups.
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